"Oh, the horror"

I promised myself that I wouldn't do this post. I wanted to ignore the annual shamefest that people seem to want to delve into.

Recently Jerry Rohde, a respected North Coast historian, wrote an article and published it in the North Coast Journal, a respected North Coast publication. The article was about what most of us already knew, the early settlers were scoundrels, thieves, murderers, and ne’er do wells. Much like we have here today.

I hate these revelations over what “really” happened in early California history. Certainly there was a genocide of the Indian people. If any of the young people, that advocate anarchy, would just look at California’s history from the 1800s, they could easily see what anarchy is like. Greed corruption, and yes, even genocide will occur. May-the-toughest-thug-win. Lawless conflict will turn even the meekest toward the lawless pursuit of survival.

Few understand the pressures placed upon people when they are put into a lawless environment with the challenge to survive. Many will bluster and act tough, with the hopes of scaring away any challengers. We see it all day long in Southern Humboldt. The people that don’t have law enforcement for protection will stockpile guns and ammunition. Many times, automatic weapon fire is heard echoing down the canyons. Most of the people that I know, that have those weapons, don’t really intend to use them on anybody, but they want anyone that might mess with them to think that they would. Beautiful-little-meek-but-rich-girl Patty Hearst readily grabbed an automatic weapon and helped her captors rob a bank. She did that out of trying to impress her captors that she had value, and to not kill her. It’s called Stockholm syndrome in psychology. But, the issue at hand is the pressure that the people of the 1800s found themselves in.

The “Murdering scum” that the North Coast Journal’s Hank Sims referred to were people like the Kelsey’s. The Kelseys that Kelseyville was named after. Their trip to California was to come over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The Kelseys and a man by the name of Bidwell, (Maybe you have heard of him) had hired Indians on several occasions to guide them. The Indian guides that they hired invariably led them into ambush, where they would have been killed if they hadn’t been well armed. They finally abandoned the idea of hiring Indian guides and decided that they would have to make it over the mountains on their own. Mrs. Kelsey was only sixteen years old and had an infant child to care for. In trying to find a path over the mountain they left Mrs. Kelsey behind with their provisions. When they returned they discovered that Indians had stolen most of their provisions while Mrs. Kelsey hid. The Kelseys and Bidwell lived on wild game that they could find. Game was scarce in the high snow covered elevations. They finally made it to the Sacramento Valley in the area of Stockton. They almost starved, and they almost froze to death. On their trip to California they gained a deep and abiding hate of Indians that they kept up until the day that they died. Many more reasons for them to hate Indians came up during their lifespan. It is said that a Kelsey would shoot and Indian just to watch him jump.

These are the kinds of stories that I hate to tell because somebody will always say; “The Kelseys didn’t belong in California anyway”. Like it or not the Kelseys are an important part of California history. They were involved in the Bear Flag Revolt among other things. Mrs. Kelsey, who was the first white woman to cross the Sierra Nevada mountains, was also the one that made California’s first flag. The Bear Flag. Yet, there are people that want to change the name of Kelseyville because the Kelseys killed Indians. There are people that want to change the name of Larabee Valley because Larabee killed Indians. If that were the criteria for changing name of a town, they will have to change the name of all of the towns named after the California Missions, or the Franciscan Monks, including san Francisco, because they all ruthlessly used, and slaughtered, the Indian people.

Jerry Rohde hinted at some of the thuggery that can abound in the absence of law and order. He mentioned the rancher that was killing other ranchers and blaming it on the Indians. Many ranches became part of other ranches that way. It was hard to protect yourself against that kind of person. You had to be on his side, or some value to him, or you might be the next victim. To survive on the north coast you had to be tough as nails, or belong to a group of people that was. Clearly people feared for their lives. They conducted themselves in such a fashion to appear that nobody should mess with them. When the Indians on Indian Island were killed, it was well understood that it was the act of a conspiracy of a large, and tough as nails, group of people. Nobody gave any information about the murders out of fear. Those that said anything probably voiced approval. It wasn’t healthy to go up against the group of thugs. But, I’m also sure that not many in the group really liked what they were doing. Many felt they had no choice. It was clear that the law wasn’t going to help them. They had petitioned many people, many times, to no avail. Yet, many in the group probably didn’t even tell their wives what they had done.

I know many stories about how brutal and ruthless the Indian people could be, and I know many stories about how brutal and ruthless the white man was. The fact remains that it was a failure of law and order that allowed what happened to happen. To say that the Indian owned the west and that the white man was the interloper is ridiculous. The intrusion in the west by the white man wasn’t anymore stoppable than the recent intrusion of the “Newcomers”. The only difference was Law and order. The Newcomer came to the north coast, and law-and-order made him pay for the land. Never mind that the white man “stole it” from the Indian people.

Now, to get to my point of this whole manuscript. What pains me is the need to continually pick the scab of old wounds in the name of “history” or “getting it right”. Sadly, for the later-day-historians, they will never get it right, because there is too much that they don’t and never will know. There are too many stories that will never be told. Stories about rapes and murders and mayhem on both the Indian and white side. If the historians were smart they would listen to the very wise Indian people that say they have forgiven the white people. As indeed, I have forgiven the Indian people for the things that they did to my family. I take the blame and the credit as Hank Sims said that I should. The Indian people and the whites have, for the past 140 years, have lived in peace and harmony. Indeed, they went to the same schools, intermarried, hunted fished and worked together, and have become close friends.

It was the same white settlers, that the later-day-historians claim whipped up the hate against the Indian people, that actually petitioned the Governor, and indeed the President of the United States, to solve the Indian/white conflict. Little or no help came. The Government solution was tantamount to telling the settlers that the Government officials understood that they needed protection, but we're busy right now. The government and law enforcement came too little, too late. It was a failure of government and law-and-order that led to the inevitable chaos that settled the West.

The locals, both white and Indian learned to live together and respect each other long ago. In a lot of cases we are one family. I have many Indian relatives and friends. Usually when an Indian person is outraged about what happened and wants to drag up the past, pick open the scab, and bring back the pain, it is an outsider Indian. Not many locals want to start the fight over. They do not want to bring up who-did-what again.

I’m sick to death about “Oh, the horror” every time the horror is brought up. There was horror enough to go around on both the white and the Indian sides. What I would like to see more of is “Oh, the History” or “Oh, the culture”. I would like to see more of how the Indian people made baskets, or how and why they burned the land to manage the bush and provide new shoots for making baskets. I would like to see more of what Ben Schill recently did. He translated an Indian poem, "Abalone Woman" about how the flint came to the ridge behind Salmon Creek, and how the red marks came to be in the abalone shell. Why a man said “Women don’t like me, only squirrels I will eat”, and he became an eagle. Great and interesting stories, about how the north coast came about according to the Indian Legends. One thing that I’ve always wondered, is how did the Indian people know when to not eat mussels to avoid paralytic shellfish poisoning? So much has been lost and so much time has been wasted on, “Oh, the horror”

I want to see the tales of the horror ended. Too much has not been told, on both sides, to delve into “Oh the horror.”

Thank you Olmanriver.

Olmanriver


I think you know that Estle Beard is one of my heroes. Without the book Genocide and Vendeta I wouldn’t have been able to put together the many verbal tales of the settling of the Long Valley and Round Valley into a cohesive story that finally made sense to me. His book dotted the “I” and crossed the “T”. for me.

About midway through the book, it hit me how horribly brutal the settlement of the west was. Just like many nouveau students of north coast history I wondered, why didn’t they just leave the Indian people alone. So I dug through the information that I already knew about my own folks migration west. Many of my own family was killed by Indians on their way to California. My 3G grandfather Cull and his son being among them. I also had a group of relatives that were attacked in Arizona on their way to California, only in that attack they were the survivors. It was my grandfather Middleton that had the Indian sneak down his chimney in the middle of the night. I’ve heard many fabled stories about that.

All of my relatives on my fathers side originate in California in the 1850’s. My 4G Grandfather Benjamin Taylor was a wagon master that brought the Branscombs to California. He owned a ranch in Sonoma County. My 3ggrandfather Benjamin Branscomb worked a ferry in the Marysville area. Then moved to Sonoma county and started a dairy that sold milk to the booming San Francisco area. Only later did they move to Branscomb California and build the small town with their wealth that they accumulated in Sonoma.

Once the migrants headed to California their die was cast. There was no turning back. The further west they came, the more persistent the Indian attacks on the migrants were. At some point the migrants were past the point of no return. They couldn’t turn back to civilization and make it home, and their desperation began. They had to make it to California, where they felt that there would be safety in numbers.

The safety in numbers that they sought turned out to be blood thirsty miners fighting over gold claims. The “civilization” turned out to be disease ridden filth, with little or no organization. The law was mostly by mob rule. ALL of my family members HAD to leave the Sacramento Valley to live. They had no choice.

Not everybody came to California for gold. They had heard about the great fertile land that could grow crops year around. By the 1850s most of the Sacramento Valley was being ranched, and farmed, by thugs and big time thieves and racketeers. Even the great John Sutter had a brutal and shady side to him. My family chose to move to the Laytonville area, to drive their stake and build themselves a life. They had ever reason to believe that the pony soldiers were going to keep the peace.

Little did they know that the very peace that they expecting from the pony soldiers turned out to be quite the opposite. In the attempt the round up the Indian people and put them on reservations, they only scattered them and caused mass starvation amongst them. The Indian people were hungry and bitter. Just like any human will, they turned against the white man and they felt that eating their cattle and horses was inarguably justified. The settlers needed their cattle for survival. Few settlers were in the class of the great cattle barons of the Sacramento Valley. They had what we would nowadays call an old MacDonald farm. The had a few chickens, they had a milk cow, a pig, and maybe a horse or two. The more successful of them had a few head of cattle that they hoped would bring them some prosperity. A few of those were people like Jack Farley, Jeremiah Lambert and Bob Poe.

When Jack Farley brought the high bred horses from Indiana to California he expected to breed and sell them to make his fortune. The people of Long Valley petitioned the Government for protection against Indian depredations. It was about that time that the pony soldiers left, almost completely, to fight the Civil war. Jack Farley and the ranchers of Round Valley were left with little or no protection. Without doing something about the Indian depredation they would have to leave the country. There would be no surviving without their animals and safety. After petitioning the government with little or no response they organized a group to force the Government hand in protecting them. The government authorized groups like the Eel River Rangers to round up the Indian people and put them on reservations. The Rangers only drove the poor Indian people into worse desperation. They fled in mass to the Long Valley, were they had in the past been treated fairly by the local ranchers.

Coincidently to the local Indian people showing up in Long Valley, a group of marauding Modoc Indians showed up from the north. The Indians banded together and started killing the cattle from local ranches. They killed Jack Farley’s horses. He he had most of his money tied up in them. That formed the mindset that the ranchers had to protect themselves. They took the group that they had already formed. They went after the Indians that had driven the horses to Horse Canyon. The Indians had killed the horses and were busy cutting up the meat when Farley and his group found them. There is rumors that I have heard that the ranchers killed hundreds of Indians. If that was true there would have had to have been far more ranchers than the four or five that have been named. There are still many inconsistencies. Among them, the date that this all happened. I have heard many dates, and I’m sure that it happened in the early 1860’s but I’ve never heard an exact date.

I believe that it must have been like the statement from Olmanrivers article said. “I can imagine Uncle Jack on seeing this--I'll bet he had red crosses in both of his eyes”. They started killing the Indians, at first with no remorse, then soon they started dreading the killing, but they went on to kill most of them. At some point they lost their stomach for the fight. They took the remainder of the Indians to the reservation in Covelo and took the babies home with them and raised them as their own children.

I have heard stories that some of the ranchers suffered great remorse for what they had done, but most steadfastly agreed that they had no choice. I also heard that Jack Farley became a great friend of the “Good Indians” and they had taught him their “Medicine”.

This is a compilation of the stories that I have heard and I have told it much as I heard it. Without justification or comment. I made the statement that the historical accounting was as: “The following story is just the fuzzy recollections of a person recalling stories about Uncle Jack.” To some, it was probably one of the best accounting of what really happened. But, I’ve heard many, many stories. Some much more brutal than this telling, and some that claim the Bloody Run was much exaggerated.

With the great respect that I have for Oldmanriver, I still put the story in the category of “one more story”. But, I want to hear all of them. I have deep gratitude for the research that River has done for the Indian People and my family, and the whole Eel River Valley. His research has been far more important to me than even Estle Beard. River has found deep truths, that I would have never have known without him. I most especially want to thank him for the great and kind things that he has done for the local Indian People. Some of us have the great privilege of knowing him personally. All I can say is you would like him. He walks the walk.

Andrew Jackson Farley

I was born and raised in the South Fork of the Eel River canyon. Most of my young life was spent in Laytonville. In 1955 we moved to Garberville where I have spent the rest of my life up until now. I have had the good fortune to have known many people that knew many local history stories. I loved hearing the stories, but I have noticed that all the stories that I have ever heard was different, depending on who was doing the telling. Most of the stories had about five different versions.

Sometimes I would point out that I had heard a different version. Often the person that I was listening to might say; "Who told you that was the way it happened?" If I said "John" told me, the answer was always "well you know John, you can't believe a thing he says." Or "Fred" or "Jake" or "Lafe". All the names I mention were made up, but you get the idea. Whoever was doing the telling was certain that they had heard, and was telling, the only true version of what “really” happened.

Some where in the back of all these stories is the truth. I soon learned that if I wanted to hear all the stories, I had to listen like it was The-God's-Honest-Truth. It never did me any good to shut somebody down, or point out a “lie”. That seemed to be a good way to never hear another story. I always tried to get my story tellers away from everybody else. Especially away from the girls in my family. The girls always to like to point out that they knew better than what was being told, and that would be the end of sometimes a great and epic tale. There is no wetter blanket on a story than some of the girls in my family... and... maybe a few of the boys.

I ended up having heard most all of the versions of every story, because all of the old story tellers knew that I hung on every word that they said, and that I absolutely, unconditionally believed the stories. Which I really did. I always understood that there was a logical explanation for the differences in a story.

As I said, I've heard about five different versions of every story. With “Uncle Jack Farley” I've heard about ten different versions of his life history. He was a man that cut a wide swath. The following story is just the fuzzy recollections of a person recalling stories about Uncle Jack. This is the kind of story that I love to hear, and it adds a dimension to the things that I all ready know.

I've come to think of the stories that I've heard as “Bullshistory”, because you can't totally believe them and you would be a great fool to base any kind of an opinion on them other than something important happened back then, but we will never know the truth. I've said it many times and I will say it again. “We can't judge people back then with todays standards”. We know about them because they survived. We don't know about my 3great Grandfather Cull because he and his son disappeared on their way to California, about the same time that Jack Farley was headed out here.

Another thing that I often say is “I don't know the true history, but I know where the bodies are buried.” and I used to know who to ask.

The photo below is a photo of the headstone of  “Uncle Jack”, Andrew Jackson Farley. His headstone reads: “Andrew Jackson Farley” “Died April 11th 1908” “Aged 104 years” “Pioneer of 49”

As you might guess, I truly do know where most of the bodies are buried. Maybe the only true thing that I do know.

The following story is from the Mendocino Historical Bulletin. My friend "Olmanriver" found it and emailed it to me. I would really like you to know "Olmanriver", he is a great researcher, and has provided me with many new stories about the South Fork Canyon and my checkered history. But alas, he wishes to remain anonymous.

The story is a little crude in the telling and the spelling, but what you see is what you get. The notes in maroon are mine.


Photo by: Janis Branscomb

The STORY OF JACK FARLEY
He was a pioneer of 1848 and came to California by way of Bakersfield. He and a companion were scouts for the party. They had agreed to be back in camp on a Friday night, Only Uncle Jack showed up. They waited all day Saturday, and on Sunday went look­ing for the other man. They found he had been scalped by the In­dians. Up to this time they had been trying to get along with the Indians. After that Uncle Jack said he would kill 25 Indians to get even for the one scout they had killed.

I did not hear of any other Indians being killed on the rest of the trip. They did not starve like the Donner party, but were awfully hungry.

They came upon a cow which they killed and ate. The cow be­longed to the Spanish and they got caught with it. The Spaniards made them work out the price of the cow and more,

Jack got to California just after the gold strike. He mined at Placerville, or Hangtown, as it was known then. In 1849 he went to Willits, then to Napa, 1859 and 1861 found him in Auburn and Oroville. In 1851 he was in Trinity County, All of these trips were made in good weather, and he would stay in Napa for the winter.

The trip from Trinity County was a long one, so he decided there was a closer way. In 1852 he came by the way of Covelo, do down the river to Dos Rios, over the hill to Long Valley, When saw that valley, he fell in love with it.

I don't know how patents worked, but he had a patent on the property, dated 1855, I think he had to mark out his property, build his house, and it was his.

Now back to the mining in Trinity County, He had a dog who was always with him. This dog could smell trouble a mile away and would let him know.

The Indians up that way were under "Happy Jack," a half-breed. He was a lot meaner than a full-breed. He stirred up what we call the Modocs and wanted them to kill all the miners. He sent about three or four Indians up each creek, killing and scalping the miners. When his dog let him know that the Indians were coming, he would get behind a tree and wait,

Uncle Jack called his gun "Old Meat in the Pot," He also had a six-shooter. Both were cap and ball. He would shoot one Indian with his rifle and the rest with his six-shooter. He scalped them because -the Indians believed that a scalped Indian could not go to the- Happy Hunting Ground, This happened two years in a row. Af­ter burying all the miners, he would get out before they found what.-, had happened.
On his way out he found a ledge of quartz, just full of gold. He broke off several chunks-and put them in his saddle bag. We had a piece at the ranch when I was a kid. I don't know what hap­pened to it, but the 1 1/2" square piece had a least an ounce in it). It was five years before they got the Indians out of there and put them on an island in Tule Lake, He went back looking for that ledge, but he never found it. He went almost crazy trying to find it again,

Being a horse lover he went hick to Indiana and got an Arab­ian stallion,a Palomino with flaxen mane and tail, as well as five good mares. He planned on raising some good horses. He paid over $5000 for them.
All of this travelling was on horseback. After he returned, one evening he went out to look at his horses and could not find them. The next day he tracked them over the hill and down into what is now called Horse Hollow. There he found them killed, dry­ing. Being alone, he went back to Long Valley and got a lot of help to punish the Indians and put them on the reservation at Covelo’

These Indians were Yukis and Tatus. They were not the same as the local Indians; they were Kaza-pomos, but not true Pomo. They spoke Athabascan language, and had already made their peace with the whites and had begged them not to kill them when the white man's stock disappeared,
Uncle Jack got all the people in Long Valley who had lost stock. He was a captain and I was led to believe that he went to Fort Bragg and got the soldiers, but thanks to Estle Beard, I have found out the truth. William Frazier was a Lieutenant. The others were J. P, Simpson, Jeremiah Lambert, B. S, Burns, Robert Poe, Woodman and W. H. Cole, and probably others. They had all lost cattle. They decided to put the Indians on the reservation in Covelo.

(Jeremiah Lambert was my 3G grandfather, Robert Poe was My 3G grandfather, I believe that Kym Kemp might know who W.H. Cole is.

B.S. Burns adopted "Foxy" Burns.  Foxy was an Indian that was an infant at the time of the Bloody Run Massacre. B.S. Burns took foxy home in a gunny-sack strapped to the saddle horn of his horse. Foxy was raised and educated by the Burns family, and to my knowledge he was treated as one of the family.

My 3G grandfather Poe adopted two Indian Children. I'm not sure if it was one or two children, but I know that one of the Indian children got into the grainery and ate so much grain that it killed him.

I have a relative that was raped by two Indian men. The men were tracked down and hung. I have more to that story but some things don't need to be told. 

There is no truth to the story that Indian children were kept mostly as slaves, at least not occording to the stories that I've heard about the Laytonville area. Most of the adopted Indian children were treated as well as any of the other children. I should add that all children were raised with a very firm hand back then. People today would certainly claim that it was child abuse. Again, I will have to place this under the heading of Bullshistory. The stories that I've heard certainly paint a fine picture of the early pioneers, but I'm sure that they weren't saints.)

They went out to Horse Hollow and found the Indians had moved. The men tracked them down across outlet Creek and up over the hill to the Eden Valley side.


It was late when they came upon them and decided to wait until morning. They camped about a mile away from the Indians. During the night a cold wind came up and the Indians moved to the Outlet Creek side of the mountain. When the men awakened the next morn­ing and found out what had happened, they tracked them back over the hill and found them camped on a creek. They slipped up on them. The Indians were still sleeping. The first one out was the chief, and on his belt hung the flaxen-colored tail of Farley's stallion. (I can imagine Uncle Jack on seeing this--I'll bet he had red crosses in both of his eyes). He shot the Indian in the belly to get even for that trip back East to get the horses than having the Indians kill them. This shot woke them all up and they came out fighting. I have heard that they killed two or three hundred. They did kill 37 bucks and two squaws, captured 17 and put them on the reservation.

-I have heard how the battle of Bloody Run got its name. Some say it was horse blood, from washing the meat.I know better. This chief stumbled over into the creek and all the wounded too, as it was downhill and that is how Bloody Run got its name. Even after the railroad was built and later, when student doctors from U.Co would go up there to find skeletons and take them back to U.C. where they would assemble them.
Another time, just after this, Uncle Jack was out looking for his stock. There were no fences, so they roamed wherever the best food was. He was riding down Cherry Creek with "old meat in the pot" across his saddle in front of him. All at once an arrow hit his cantle, just in front of him. Looking to see where it came from he discovered an Indian under a manzanita bush, lying oil his back with his bow across his front. At that time he was reaching for another arrow. "Old meat" was pointed was toward the Indian. Uncle Jack pulled the trigger and caught the buck lengthwise. It made him mad, he killed the Indian and scalped him, cut the skin off of his back and tanned it.

I know he made a knife scabbard out of it, and maybe a razor strop. The San Francisco Examiner, January 29, 1895 said that he also covered a chair with it. I do not believe it. He was not that gruesome. However, The Examiner had a picture of him sitting in his chair with the 25 scalps hanging on the wall.
Uncle Jack died in 1908. The inscription on his headstone read that he was born in 1804. There is a nice iron fence around his grave that he claimed to have owed his long life to being friends with the local Indians and learning all of their medecines.

I've heard stories about Uncle Jack that made him sound like the greatest man that ever walked the face of the Earth, that he was the epitome of charcter, that his word was as good as gold, a man to be looked up to. Others say that he was a monster worse that Hannibal Lecter. One thing that is undeniable, He survived! For 104 years!

Doing laundry.

In the business world there is a term for cleaning up things that have been hanging out there to long and need to be dealt with. Like dirty laundry that has been in the hamper too long, It begans to smell. So every now and then a business will do what is called "doing laundry". And they will deal with things that are long over-do, like a blog post.

There is a rumor out there that I'm remodling the store, and building new check stands. Every now and then, I see a friendly familiar face poke in the front door to make sure that I'm busy. The news seems to end up back on my blog that, sure enough, I'm building something. Others speculate that I'm on vacation.

Oregon wrote:
”If Ernie is building something you can take my word for it, he is on vacation.”

Oregon knows me all to well. There is nothing quite as much fun as building something. Oregon and I built many things together as kids, he went on to be a world class saw-filer, and I went on to be a refrigeration guy.

You city folks probably don't know this, but the saw filer is the guy that makes a sawmill run. Whether the mill makes or loses money depends on how good the saw-filer does his job. Being a saw filer is the most important job in the mill. If you don't believe me, you should see how many fingers are pointing at the saw-filer if production drops off. But, of course, all fingers are pointing at themselves if things are going smooth.

I spent a lot of time with Oregon as a kid. I have to say that I've never enjoyed working with anybody as much as I enjoyed working with him. He always knew what I want wanted, before I knew myself. He'd be right there doing it for you, or showing you what was needed. We never needed to talk out loud to be able to communicate, which is a great quality in the places that we worked. "The woods" is not a quiet place.

One time behind Eureka, he and I were building a logging road. There was a big old-growth redwood stump on a point that the road had to go around. I was on the top end of the stump with a Cat, cutting the roots and soil down around it and pushing it off below. As I cut the dirt down I was pushing it around the stump down to Oregon. He was on another Cat, pushing the dirt down over the hill below, to become the foot of the road. Once I got all of the roots cut. I was going to come down off the hill. I looked below me to see that he had cut the dirt out from under me, and I was on top of about a six-foot drop off. I looked over at him to try to figure out what the heck he was doing. He had a great big grin on his face. I had to build a new road off my stump.
He thinks that's called a sense of humor!

I often see that bumper sticker that says; "If you can read this, thank a teacher". Fair enough, but there should be another bumper sticker that says: "If you live in a house, thank a logger:.

Don't you people fool yourselves, I've been following every word here.

Now, I've got a quiz for you. I have included a few photos of a redwood tree that was recently trimmed downtown. The question is; did they kill this tree by cutting off all the limbs???

I knew the lady that planted that tree, she was Mrs. Tucker, Ted Tuckers Mom, Bruce Tuckers grandmother. The tree was planted in the side yard of her house that stood where the back part of the Gitty-up Coffee Stand is. I wonder what she would say if she knew what happened to her beautiful tree.

The tree has some history in Garberville. Several times in years past it has been gloriously decorated as the town Christmas Tree. The top blew out of it a few years ago, fortunately, nobody was killed. After that, a couple of years ago a whirlwind went through town about 6:00 am. A limb from that tree broke the TV antenna on top of our store, over two-hundred yards away. Again, nobody was killed. The owner of the tree wisely decided to trim it.

Recently a rash of business owners have decided to remove the redwoods downtown. The trees were causing damage to the buildings and were endangering anyone near them in the wind. As you know, city folks expect to be taken care of. So if a limb kills them, they always try to blame somebody else. But, the same people are out there hugging these trees, trying to save them. Bear in mind, all of these trees were planted in my lifetime. Sadly, there was such a fuss about what could, or could not, be done to these trees that the property owners took them clear out. They didn't simply trim them, like they might have done if there hadn't been the pressure to “save them.” Sad how things work out isn't it?

Band of Brothers.

I’ve often said that I can’t imagine a world where I would be bored, or have nothing to do. It seems to me that the world is a most interesting place. I know, that I make it sound like I drink a lot, but I don’t. I never drink in the middle of the day, and I never have more than one drink in the evening, that is if I can remember to have one. I can’t stand the thought that something interesting might happen, and I would be out of it. I would never even try Marijuana. Not even after having heard the hoard sing the praises of the glorious weed. I just don’t think that it could improve me in any way.

What would happen if a 747 aircraft had to make an emergency landing on the freeway? There I would be, stuck at home, because I would not be allowed to respond as a medical first responder if I was drunk. I have a friend who says; “I don’t want you to have a disaster, but if you do, I want to be prepared, and I want to be there to help you.” I fully understand that thought, and I would like to keep myself prepared, for the same reasons.

There is a real feeling of accomplishment to be part of a team that works well together and accomplishes the things that need to be accomplished. There is a feeling among first responders that can only be described as “esprit de corps”. We work well together, we train together, and accomplish together. Seldom does political influences enter our thoughts.

I try to avoid literary offshoots into big words and vague concepts, but sometimes the place that you find yourself allows no other descriptions. I read a lot, and I try to understand the things that I read. I try to keep an open mind and be objective. Seldom do I make a stand on any controversial issue. I’ve been warned that “being in the middle of the road will only get you run over”, but most times I can clearly see that there is more than one side to any issue. As I said, I read a lot, sometimes I think that I read, and think about things, too much. I often feel that I have understanding of things that others fail to even look at, or consider.

Years ago, I decided that I would see if I could understand William Shakespeare. There seemed to be a consensus amongst well-read people that he was one of the greatest writers that ever lived. So, I decided that I would read a few lines and try to understand them. Sometimes I would spend an hour trying to understand a single paragraph. Fortunately, there is a lot of things on the Internet to help you understand what he was saying. I read a lot of foolish girlie poems that didn’t impress me much, but soon I started to see the humor that he could stir in even the most silly moment. I started reading the more manly-man stuff, and more of what he had to say really resonated with the way that I think.

Firefighters often refer to themselves as “brothers” I thought that it had something to do with religion, but I later found out that it was from Shakespeare’s King Henry the fifth, so I became particularly interested in the St. Crispen’s Day Speech. I started with; “We few, We happy few, We band of brothers”. Okay, at least I knew where the expression came from, but I was still confused as to why they would call themselves “Brothers”. I went on the read the next part; “For he to-day that sheds his blood with me, shall be my brother”. Whoa... Blood? Whatever they were doing together must have been important, shedding blood over anything sounds like serious commitment. I thought a lot about that. So, I started at the top of the Saint Crispen's Day Speech. It starts with;

WESTMORELAND to King Henry V. “O that we now had here
    But one ten thousand of those men in England
    That do no work to-day!”

I read that to mean that Westmoreland thought that they needed a LOT of help.

The King had taken his troops across the English Channel into France, with the goal of taking back the land that the French had taken from England. The King and his troops had landed on shore, tired and seasick, many had dysentery. The troops were in no frame of mind, or body, to do battle. The English were greatly outnumbered, and were going to have to fight battle-ready French troops. If King Henry V stood any chance at all, he would have to stir the emotions of his troops to be willing to fight valiantly and successfully.

He mounted a rock in front of his troops and he said;

“What's he that wishes so?
    My cousin Westmoreland? No, my fair cousin;
    If we are mark'd to die, we are enow
    To do our country loss; and if to live,
    The fewer men, the greater share of honour.
    God's will! I pray thee, wish not one man more.
    By Jove, I am not covetous for gold,
    Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost;
    It yearns me not if men my garments wear;
    Such outward things dwell not in my desires.
    But if it be a sin to covet honour,
    I am the most offending soul alive.”

Now, if you take that apart and put it back together, it is a very good start to a rousing speech. What he said is simply:

“We may die here, if we are to die, let's get on with it. But, if we do this battle and live, we will have all of the glory for ourselves.

The fewer to share our glory, the more glorious our deed will become. Who would wish for more men?


I don't wish for wealth in the form of gold. Nor do I care who eats at my expense, I don't care who wears the clothes that I buy. Such outward things mean nothing too me.


But, if it is a sin to seek honor. I am the most sinful soul alive.”

Pretty good start, don't you think? Then he continues:

“No, faith, my coz, wish not a man from England.
    God's peace! I would not lose so great an honour
    As one man more methinks would share from me
    For the best hope I have. O, do not wish one more!
    Rather proclaim it, Westmoreland, through my host,
    That he which hath no stomach to this fight,
    Let him depart; his passport shall be made,
    And crowns for convoy put into his purse;
    We would not die in that man's company
    That fears his fellowship to die with us.

The King goes on to make his point that he doesn't wish to share the honor with those who feared to join in the battle.

He says that the men that didn't have the courage to join in the fight should not be allowed to share in their glory.

He goes one to say, if there is any still any among them that doesn't want to fight this battle, to say so now, and he will by sent away, and that the King will even pay the expense for him to leave.

He is adamant that the person that fears to die amongst them, fighting for the same cause, shall not have the honor of fighting with such brave men.

“This day is call'd the feast of Crispian.
    He that outlives this day, and comes safe home,
    Will stand a tip-toe when this day is nam'd,
    And rouse him at the name of Crispian.
    He that shall live this day, and see old age,
    Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours,
    And say 'To-morrow is Saint Crispian.'
    Then will he strip his sleeve and show his scars,
    And say 'These wounds I had on Crispian's day.”

Crispian's day is a similar holiday to our Thanksgiving, which has nothing to do with the fight, but it will become an anniversary to remember the fight that they had there in France.

He that makes it safely through the fight, and gets home again, will be proud of what they did in France. And they will peel back their sleeves and proudly display their scars.

“Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot,
    But he'll remember, with advantages,
    What feats he did that day. Then shall our names,
    Familiar in his mouth as household words-
    Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter,
    Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester-
    Be in their flowing cups freshly rememb'red.
    This story shall the good man teach his son;
    And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by,
    From this day to the ending of the world,
    But we in it shall be remembered-
    We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
    For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
    Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile,
    This day shall gentle his condition;
    And gentlemen in England now-a-bed
    Shall think themselves accurs'd they were not here,
    And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks
    That fought with us upon Saint Crispin's day.”

Old men forget, and eventually all things will be forgotten, but while we still remember, we will remember proudly that we fought and won the battle on Saint Crispins Day. All the names of the valiant soldiers will be remembered and named aloud. Every man shall teach his son, and it should be remembered until the end of the world, “We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; For he, today, that sheds his blood with me, shall be my brother.

He closes with: Those that didn't fight with us, will think of themselves as cursed for not fighting the honorable fight, and indeed, will not be able to think of themselves as men.

It almost makes you want to be part of something glorious doesn't it? As I look back on my career as a firefighter, because I kept myself trained and sober, I have been to most all of the big events in the Garberville Redway area. It hasn't always been fun. But, I've been to some pretty amazing happenings. Happenings too numerous to remember. Some of the highlights are: I was at the Garberville Fire Hall/ Mateel Community Center/ Blue Star gas plant fire. (all one fire). I was at the Southern Humboldt Building Service/Branding Iron Bar fire. I was at the Trees Restaurant/Branding Iron Bar fire. (Yes the Branding Iron burned twice) I was at the One Log House fire. I was at the major propane leak in Redway. I've been to many plane crashes, and many more car crashes. I've been part of a team that has saved many lives and much property.

It's very rewarding to have the younger firefighters ask me about the “big ones”. We all sit around and play “what if”. Like in, “what would you do if you were the only one on the scene of a fire, and you had to make the decision to enter the fire alone? What would you do? There is no one pat-answer. So, there is the rule book, and there is reality. Sometimes nothing you can do is really right. Usually you have your “brothers" to help you make those decisions.” My life has been saved more than once by “my brothers” so a person forms a pretty close bond in the “Band of Brothers”.

But, it is always fun to sit around the fire pit at the Redway Fire Department Barbecue, our own little Saint Crispens Day, strip our sleeves, show our scars, and remember the “big ones” that we have been to.

Reading Shakespeare has helped me understand some of the feelings that people that work closely together in a serious manner have for each other. Knowing the bond that the firefighters have formed for each other also helps me to understand the bond that soldiers form for each other. I know in my heart that the soldiers that work together become "Brothers" even moreso than their own true brothers. The bond that they form helps them see through "the fog of war". (I went on here for a while, but decided to back out of it. I think that you can appreciate our soldiers in your own fashion, without my help.)

Anyway, I hope that some of you will pick out some great literary work and try to understand a little bit of it. Most of it didn't become great for no reason. It can be interesting. Have somebody recommend some good stuff for you. There is still a lot of winter left, and it will help pass the time......

Strange occurances.

Well, this post is going to be a little hard to follow, unless you are one whom normally tries to follow this blog. Then you will know that it leads nowhere, but it does so in a random fashion.

As you know, at least those that follow this blog know, I look forward to the comments that are posted here. I find that the comments are far more interesting to me than the stuff that I write. Maybe that’s because I already know the stuff that I write about. Are you following me so far?

I’ve never cared what people say here, as long as it was not mean to someone else, or completely filthy and disgusting, I even let filthy and disgusting slip by as long as it’s done in good taste.

Back when I was trying to be a sports fan, I followed the San Francisco Giants, and the Forty-niners. They would be doing mediocre-good, until I would take the time to watch a game, then it seemed to me that they would invariably lose. I got to the point that I wouldn’t watch the game, because I felt that I was jinxing them to watch. Finally, I figured out that I couldn’t be a very good sports fan if I refused to watch the game because I felt that my mere watching was causing then harm. So, if your team is doing real good right now, it’s because I’m not watching them.

I had to laugh at Bunny for thinking that she was “closing” the conversation by making a comment. I’ve felt that way myself several times. A blog would be moving right along with lots of comments, then I would add something, and all of a sudden it would end, and my comment would just be left hanging there. I would always wonder if it was something that I said, or the way I said it, that just chased everybody away. So, I feel compelled to tell Bunny that; No, you are not a “closer“. Please keep commenting, I enjoy your input.

Spyrock is busy defending his drug of choice, Diet Pepsi. I got a kick out of that. We all rabidly defend our favorite addiction. Mine seems to have become coffee. We have a very good coffee roaster in Redway, so I can enjoy good fresh coffee every morning. I’m sure that I wouldn’t make it through the day without it. Whenever I go to a strange town and want a cup of coffee, I ask the kid behind the counter at the coffee stand if they have any real coffee. They always look at me like I’m nuts, and say, “yes sir, we have a double-moca-frapaccino-decaf-deluxe for only $7.95. I usually just walk away, because I know that if I say anything that I’ll just get mad. But, through the years, I’ve discovered that I like the things that are good for me. I just instinctively know… I’ve always liked just a little REAL butter on things, while everyone else was scolding me about animal fats, and how much better the imitation butter crap was for you. Those of you that read a lot know that a little real butter is better for your health than the other hard margarines. See? My body knew that! Just like Spy knows what’s good for him. I think that “moderation in all things” is a good philosophy.

I get a big kick out of the old guys that have fallen head over heels in love with Suzy Blah Blah. Get over it boys, she’s much to smart for you! She’s the only one that knows the key to puzzle that unlocks the hole to China.

My life has been real busy lately, we are remodeling the Radio Shack store which if proving to be great fun for me. I like building things. Today we cut, split, hauled and stacked two and a half cords of Madrone for the Redway Fire Department barbecue this Memorial Day Saturday.

But, just because I’ve been busy is no reason not to keep posting here. I always take the time to read, even when sometimes my fingers won’t poke the keyboard.

Have you noticed any interesting happenings lately?

Sallaway

As you know, I have a lot of photographer friends. Who is the better of them would be impossible to determine. Each is talented in their own way. All seem incredibly talented to my simple eye. Kim Sallaway is an outstanding photographer. I've gone to a few photography shows before, like the exhibit at the Humboldt County Fair. I never seem to agree with the judges as to who is the best, so I'm not sure if my taste is so much better than the judges, or worse. But, just like all critics, I know what I like.

The thing that I always notice about Kim Sallaway's photography is that I can never just glance at one of his photos and move on. I always seem to stare at them a while, and see where it will take my eyes. I put a few up here for you. See if you can see what I mean.

The top photo is a picture of Shelter cove from the north. I was so fascinated by the sunlit green wave with the foam on the top, that I called him to see if he had photo-shopped it. He assured me that it was a “Straight up, straight shot. No photo-shop”. If you place your hand over the buildings on the left, the wave becomes a grassy mountain with a snow cap. I spent a while doing that. I know that I'm easily entertained, but it amazes me how Kim always seems to evoke my curiosity.

One thing that Kim often mentions is; “We live in the most beautiful place in the world”. He should know he traveled most of it.

Fred "Coyote" Downey. Local Indian Elder

Did it take you a while to look at everything??? I thought so.

This is a link to Kim's photo sight kimbacan.com





e

Typo?

I was working out on the store loading dock today, and I was using a pallet for a saw horse. I assume that the pallet was made in China, because what is not these days. At first, I didn't pay any attention to the spelling, because my poorly functioning brain doesn't pick up on typos all that good. After I looked at it a bit and saw what it said, I thought maybe it really was some kind of a word, but I finally decided that it was probably a typo.

I got to wondering; if something was important enough to label, wouldn't it be important enough to check the spelling, so the meaning wouldn't be lost? One of my favorite phrases is “if you know what they meant to say it's close enough”. The label on this pallet wasn't close enough to being right that it was clear to me what it meant to say. So it failed the clarity test.

I often don't know whether to laugh or cry over some of the Chinese/English translations. In many cases, it just gets too sloppy to understand.

So, I got to thinking, maybe the pallet really was RESUABLE, and not REUSABLE. Maybe, if I didn't like their spelling, and sued them over their lack of common diligence and lost, I could re-sue them, because the pallet clearly states that it is “RESUABLE”.




e

Shaving Horse, or a strategic weapon.

Quite a while back I put some photos of something that I found, out beside an old blacksmith shop at Dinsmore California. I thought that it might have some thing to do with the making of wagon wheels. It was obviously very old, and the limbs (legs) were almost rotted off of it.

There were some very good guesses as to what it was, and a few wise-guys made up some pretty fantastic stories as to what it was, and I'm ashamed to say that I believed them.(most notably Ekovox's story, who said that it was part of a Trinity gold mining operation) The last laugh is on Ekovox because it may have had something to do with mining in an indirect way.

I have to give Don Orazem credit for sleuthing out that the item is most likely a shaving horse. He was just guessing, but what you see in the photo could very easily be used as a shaving horse. I know you people are all wondering how you shave a horse. But, it is not like that at all. The piece of white oak is the backbone of a clamp that was used to hold a piece of wood while you drew wood shavings off of it, to shape and smooth the wood.

I found some other photos on the Internet so you could get a better idea of how it was used. I went on to conclude that it was a “coopers shave”. A coopers shave was used to shape the staves in a barrel. The reason that I concluded that it was a coopers horse is because it had the shape of a barrel stave carved intricately onto the back of it, and it was probably used as a gauge to make perfectly formed barrel staves.

You can gather which pieces are missing from the photos of the complete horse below. The person carving the stave with a draw knife would straddle the bench, the wood would be held by pushing the treadle below, forward. The clamp on the top would press down and hold the stave firmly in place.





In ancient history clay flasks were used to seal and transport goods from place to place. The flasks were called amphoras ( to the linguists out there, I know that more than one amphora is called amphorae) About the time of the birth of Christ wooden barrels came into use, and became popular. Wooden barrels were much more durable and stood up to rugged handling.


The barrel maker was called a “cooper”. The cooper was a highly skilled craftsman. In order to make a good barrel he had to split lumber radially out of a white oak tree. The lumber had to be stacked and cured for three years in order to dry and stabilize the wood. That was done to make a barrel that would seal and not leak. After the wood was cured he would hand carve the staves of the barrel to form them. As he put the barrel together he would build a fire inside of it to help bend the stave inward at the ends. Metal bands were placed around the barrel and driven down to tighten it. Heads were made to fit the ends. The barrel was made to be liquid tight when finished. A hole was drilled into it and a bung was driven into the hole to seal it. The hole is called a “bung hole”. I'll bet that you always wondered where that expression came from didn't you?

Barrels were used extensively in the early history of the United States. Grain, that needed to be kept dry, was sealed into barrels. Horseshoes, nails, and other goods were shipped in barrels. When the pioneers came to California, they sealed most of their goods in barrels to keep them dry and safe. Wool blankets and yarn were shipped in barrels to keep them dry and safe, and away from wool moths and rats.

The mining industry used many barrels. Their provisions were shipped to them in barrels. Gunpowder and blasting powder had to be kept completely dry. The way that they did that was by storing and shipping it in barrels. So the joke is on Ekovox, because if the old moss covered thing that is in the top photos is a Coopers Shaving horse, it was most undoubtedly used to make barrels that they would  have used in the Trinity County mines.

As I was reading about the history of barrels, and the importance that they had in early history, one story really stood out above the others. The story goes that in 1588 the Spanish Armada was preparing to invade England. Sir Francis Drake learned of the Spanish plans, he knew that England was not nearly as prepared as the Spanish Armada and would most likely be defeated. Drake sent saboteurs that burned the barrel wood that was being cured for the necessary three years. Because the barrel wood is cured in natural weather the stacks of oak were easily accessed and destroyed.

Because the Spanish lost all of their cured oak, they were forced to make their barrels out of uncured oak. Their barrels leaked and destroyed their food, their water, and their gunpowder. As you know there are many factors to a successful battle. But, I found it interesting that Sir Francis Drake would think that Barrel making would be a strategic front.





Video on making a modern wine barrel.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLjdrTgyWwg

Shaving horse explained.
http://www.bloodandsawdust.com/sca/horses.html

Shave horse Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shave_horse

Imperialism?

Anon said:
"For extra credit - and here’s where the fun begins - here are 2 more questions for those who care:
4. Was U.S. control of these 4 (Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, Mariana Islands.) gained through acts of imperialism?
5. Whether yes or no, has U.S. jurisdiction been beneficial to the inhabitants of these territories?"


Wow anon, you know how to pop open a can of worms. At one time there was some thinking in America that we had to build the “Great American Empire” much as the Brits had done in the world, and Spain before them, and the Turks before them and China and others fading back into history.

Most countries in history felt that they needed to control the world's political influence, for power and gain, in a grow or die scenario. “Manifest destiny”, where we forced ourselves on the West, was part of that thinking. Some would argue that it was colonialism because we were building ourselves a place to live. But, was it really? Why did the phrase “go West young man” pop up? It had to have been partly for political power and to stop Spain from creeping deeper into the Continental Americas and taking over political influence.

Originally “outposts” like Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico and others were strategic for shipping and economic gain. The Philippines were a tasty tid-bit in the Pacific. We wanted the Philippines badly back in the late 1800’s. For some reason we had chosen Spain as our great enemy at that time, and Spain owned the Philippines, We seemed to be anxious to engage Spain in any way that we could, for any reason. We wanted anything and everything that Spain possessed. Some people in America opposed the expansion of American territory for political purposes. Among them Mark Twain, "I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land."

So, to say that America took over other countries for pure political gain and influence is not entirely true. As is true today, some of us want badly to gain political influence in other countries, and some of us want nothing to do with it.

But, the question that you asked was, “Was U.S. Control over these four gained through acts of imperialism?”

I guess that you would say that is true, because we gained them when we kicked Spanish butt in the Spanish American war in 1898, and they became ours in the “Treaty of Paris”. But in the particular case of Guam we lost the Island to the Japanese, December 8th 1941, who felt it was strategic to controlling the Pacific.

“During the occupation, the people of Guam suffered terrible atrocities, including torture, beheadings, and rape, and were forced to adopt the Japanese culture.”(Wikipedia)

America took it back July 21st 1944 because it was strategic to controlling the Pacific.

Your second question was: ”“has U.S. jurisdiction been beneficial to the inhabitants of these territories?”

Well, if our control of Guam is better than being raped and beheaded, I guess they are better off.

As you might have guessed by now, I'm no tower of wisdom when it comes to world politics. I'm more of an expert when it come to the foibles of the common man. If you want great detail on “foibles” I can expound in detail and accuracy. I will say, for the most part, America has been a positive influence in the world for people that yearn to be free.

One other thought in closing; it was once said that “if you control the land, you control the people”, and world dominion was achieved through controlling land and territories. In the new world, we live in cyberspace, and the new control and “Impirialism” is wealth. It might be said nowadays “if you control the wealth, you control the people”

While we were clinging fiercely to our guns and territory, with the attitude that “By God, they'd better not mess with me our my ground”, they quietly slipped our wealth and control away from us. The shipped our jobs, and our means to provide for ourselves to other lands. So, here we are clinging to our guns with nothing but ideology to shoot at. We live in a world where corporations are declared to have the same rights as people. We are fighting a war for survival, that us rabble really haven't caught onto yet, and it already may have been lost. But, as I said, world politics aren't my bag.

I was raised in a physical world where you made your living with your hands, and your job provided something real and tangible, “that you could hit with a hammer”. Now you make your living by out-smarting the other guy in the stock market. I was raised in a world where arguments were settled by a poke in the nose. Now we hire lawyers to do our fighting, in a world of made up of hot-air. Our control of our lives has been stripped away from us by, not taking our wealth, but by eliminating our chance of gaining it in the first place. How can you defend, with your gun, the things that were taking before you even got them. We are playing a shell game, thinking that we might win, when there is nothing for us under any of the shells.

Other counties own our very soul at this point. I don't have the power to change things, none of us rabble do. Our politicians have sold us out, lock-stock-and-barrel. The people that control the wealth, control our political puppet politicians. Nobody can get elected without the backing of the wealthy. We put all of our hopes in Obama, and we can see how all of that turned out.

My hope just like Lincoln's was at the end of his Gettysberg address: “that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

Now,after having exposed myself as a crazy ranting old man. I need to go to work.

Would you qualify to be a U.S. citizen?

I was over at Eric Kirks blog a while back and he had a post about the fact that only 2.8% of Oklahoma high school students could pass a basic citizenship test. I got curious about what the test was like, so I looked it up. The complete test is listed below. Apparently, you get ten questions selected at random from the test, and you are require to score six questions answered correctly out of those ten.


If you want to take the test fairly, write down ten numbers between 1 and 100, look through the list and find the number that have written down and answer the questions. Again to be a good citizen you must get six of the ten correct.

You show-offs can go ahead and take the whole test if you want to, but you will probably score better that way than if you chose ten out of the 100, because some of the questions are related to each other in a way that makes the answers obvious. I listed all of the answers at the bottom of the post so you can grade yourself. Good luck! If you fail we might have to deport you!


Current USCIS Test Questions
(Answers below)

1. What are the colors of our flag?
2. How many stars are there in our flag?
3. What color are the stars on our flag?
4. What do the stars on the flag mean?
5. How many stripes are there in the flag?
6. What color are the stripes?
7. What do the stripes on the flag mean?
8. How many states are there in the Union?
9. What is the 4th of July?
10. What is the date of Independence Day?
11. Independence from whom?
12. What country did we fight during the Revolutionary War?
13. Who was the first President of the United States?
14. Who is the President of the United States today?
15. Who is the vice-president of the United States today?
16. Who elects the President of the United States?
17. Who becomes President of the United States if the President should die?
18. For how long do we elect the President?
19. What is the Constitution?
20. Can the Constitution be changed?
21. What do we call a change to the Constitution?
22. How many changes or amendments are there to the Constitution?
23. How many branches are there in our government?
24. What are the three branches of our government?
25. What is the legislative branch of our government?
26. Who makes the laws in the United States?
27. What is the Congress?
28. What are the duties of Congress?
29. Who elects the Congress?
30. How many senators are there in Congress?
31. Can you name the two senators from your state?
32. For how long do we elect each senator?
33. How many representatives are there in Congress?
34. For how long do we elect the representatives?
35. What is the executive branch of our government?
36. What is the judiciary branch of our government?
37. What are the duties of the Supreme Court?
38. What is the supreme court law of the United States?
39. What is the Bill of Rights?
40. What is the capital of your state?
41. Who is the current governor of your state?
42. Who becomes President of the United States if the President and the vice-president should die?
43. Who is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?
44. Can you name thirteen original states?
45. Who said, "Give me liberty or give me death."?
46. Which countries were our enemies during World War II?
47. What are the 49th and 50th states of the Union?
48. How many terms can the President serve?
49. Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?
50. Who is the head of your local government?
51. According to the Constitution, a person must meet certain requirements in order to be eligible to become President. Name one of these requirements.
52. Why are there 100 Senators in the Senate?
53. Who selects the Supreme Court justice?
54. How many Supreme Court justice are there?
55. Why did the Pilgrims come to America?
56. What is the head executive of a state government called?
57. What is the head executive of a city government called?
58. What holiday was celebrated for the first time by the Americans colonists?
59. Who was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence?
60. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
61. What is the basic belief of the Declaration of Independence?
62. What is the national anthem of the United States?
63. Who wrote the Star-Spangled Banner?
64. Where does freedom of speech come from?
65. What is a minimum voting age in the United States?
66. Who signs bills into law?
67. What is the highest court in the United States?
68. Who was the President during the Civil War?
69. What did the Emancipation Declaration do?
70. What special group advises the President?
71. Which President is called the "Father of our country"?
72. What Immigration and Naturalization Service form is used to apply to become a naturalized citizen?
73. Who helped the Pilgrims in America?
74. What is the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America?
75. What are the 13 original states of the U.S. called?
76. Name 3 rights of freedom guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.
77. Who has the power to declare the war?
78. What kind of government does the United States have?
79. Which President freed the slaves?
80. In what year was the Constitution written?
81. What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?
82. Name one purpose of the United Nations?
83. Where does Congress meet?
84. Whose rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights?
85. What is the introduction to the Constitution called?
86. Name one benefit of being citizen of the United States.
87. What is the most important right granted to U.S. citizens?
88. What is the United States Capitol?
89. What is the White House?
90. Where is the White House located?
91. What is the name of the President's official home?
92. Name the right guaranteed by the first amendment.
93. Who is the Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?
94. Which President was the first Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?
95. In what month do we vote for the President?
96. In what month is the new President inaugurated?
97. How many times may a Senator be re-elected?
98. How many times may a Congressman be re-elected?
99. What are the 2 major political parties in the U.S. today?
100. How many states are there in the United States today?





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1. What are the colors of our flag?
Red, White, and Blue.

2. How many stars are there in our flag?
50

3. What color are the stars on our flag?
White.

4. What do the stars on the flag mean?
One for each state in the Union.

5. How many stripes are there in the flag?
13

6. What color are the stripes?
Red and White.

7. What do the stripes on the flag mean?
They represent the original 13 states.

8. How many states are there in the Union?
50

9. What is the 4th of July?
Independence Day.

10. What is the date of Independence Day?
July 4th

11. Independence from whom?
England

12. What country did we fight during the Revolutionary War?
England

13. Who was the first President of the United States?
George Washington

14. Who is the President of the United States today?
Currently Barack Obama

15. Who is the vice-president of the United States today?
Currently Joseph Biden

16. Who elects the President of the United States?
The electoral college

17. Who becomes President of the United States if the President should die?
Vice - President

18. For how long do we elect the President?
Four years

19. What is the Constitution?
The supreme law of the land

20. Can the Constitution be changed?
Yes

21. What do we call a change to the Constitution?
An Amendment

22. How many changes or amendments are there to the Constitution?
27

23. How many branches are there in our government?
3

24. What are the three branches of our government?
Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary

25. What is the legislative branch of our government?
Congress

26. Who makes the laws in the United States?
Congress

27. What is the Congress?
The Senate and the House of Representatives

28. What are the duties of Congress?
To make laws

29. Who elects the Congress?
The people

30. How many senators are there in Congress?
100

31. Can you name the two senators from your state?
Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein

32. For how long do we elect each senator?
6 years

33. How many representatives are there in Congress?
435

34. For how long do we elect the representatives?
2 years

35. What is the executive branch of our government?
The President, vice president, cabinet, and departments under the cabinet members

36. What is the judiciary branch of our government?
The Supreme Court

37. What are the duties of the Supreme Court?
To interpret laws

38. What is the supreme court law of the United States?
The Constitution

39. What is the Bill of Rights?
The first 10 amendme of the Constitutionnts

40. What is the capital of your state?
Sacramento, California

41. Who is the current governor of your state?
Arnold Schwarzenegger

42. Who becomes President of the United States if the President and the vice-president should die?
Speaker of the House of Representative

43. Who is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?
William Rehnquist (or whoever is next)

44. Can you name thirteen original states?
Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, and Maryland.

45. Who said, "Give me liberty or give me death."?
Patrick Henry

46. Which countries were our enemies during World War II?
Germany, Italy, and Japan

47. What are the 49th and 50th states of the Union?
Alaska and Hawaii

48. How many terms can the President serve?
two

49. Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?
A civil rights leader

50. Who is the head of your local government?
Humboldt County Board of supervisors.

51. According to the Constitution, a person must meet certain requirements in order to be eligible to become President. Name one of these requirements.
Must be a natural born citizen of the United States; must be at least 35 years old by the time he/she will serve; must have lived in the United States for at least 14 years.


52. Why are there 100 Senators in the Senate?
Two (2) from each state

53. Who selects the Supreme Court justice?
Appointed by the President

54. How many Supreme Court justice are there?
Nine (9)

55. Why did the Pilgrims come to America?
For religious freedom

56. What is the head executive of a state government called?
Governor

57. What is the head executive of a city government called?
Mayor

58. What holiday was celebrated for the first time by the Americans colonists?
Thanksgiving

59. Who was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson

60. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
July 4, 1776

61. What is the basic belief of the Declaration of Independence?
That all men are created equal

62. What is the national anthem of the United States?
The Star-Spangled Banner

63. Who wrote the Star-Spangled Banner?
Francis Scott Key

64. Where does freedom of speech come from?
The Bill of Rights

65. What is a minimum voting age in the United States?
Eighteen (18)

66. Who signs bills into law?
The President

67. What is the highest court in the United States?
The Supreme Court

68. Who was the President during the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln

69. What did the Emancipation Declaration do?
Freed many slaves

70. What special group advises the President?
The Cabinet

71. Which President is called the "Father of our country"?
George Washington

72. What Immigration and Naturalization Service form is used to apply to become a naturalized citizen?
Form N-400, Application to File Petition for Naturalization

73. Who helped the Pilgrims in America?
The American-Indians (Native Americans)

74. What is the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America?
The Mayflower

75. What are the 13 original states of the U.S. called?
Colonies

76. Name 3 rights of freedom guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.
The right of freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and requesting change of government.
The right to bear arms (the right to have weapons or own a gun, though subject to certain regulations).
The government may not quarter, or house, soldiers in the people's homes during peacetime without the people's consent.
The government may not search or take a person's property without a warrant.
A person may not be tried twice for the same crime and does not have to testify against him/herself.
A person charged with a crime still has some rights, such as the right to a trial and to have a lawyer.
The right to trial by jury in most cases.
Protects people against excessive or unreasonable fines or cruel and unusual punishment.
The people have rights other than those mentioned in the Constitution.
Any power not given to the federal government by the Constitution is a power of either the state or the people.

77. Who has the power to declare the war?
The Congress

78. What kind of government does the United States have?
Democracy

79. Which President freed the slaves?
Abraham Lincoln

80. In what year was the Constitution written?
1787

81. What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?
The Bill of Rights

82. Name one purpose of the United Nations?
For countries to discuss and try to resolve world problems, to provide economic aid to many countries.

83. Where does Congress meet?
In the Capitol in Washington, D.C.

84. Whose rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights?
Everyone (citizens and non-citizens) living in U.S.

85. What is the introduction to the Constitution called?
The Preamble

86. Name one benefit of being citizen of the United States.
Obtain federal government jobs, travel with U.S. passport, petition for close relatives to come to the U.S. to live.

87. What is the most important right granted to U.S. citizens?
The right to vote

88. What is the United States Capitol?
The place where Congress meets

89. What is the White House?
The President's official home

90. Where is the White House located?
Washington, D.C. (1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.)

91. What is the name of the President's official home?
The White House

92. Name the right guaranteed by the first amendment.
Freedom of: speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and requesting change of the government.

93. Who is the Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?
The President

94. Which President was the first Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?
George Washington

95. In what month do we vote for the President?
November

96. In what month is the new President inaugurated?
January

97. How many times may a Senator be re-elected?
There is no limit

98. How many times may a Congressman be re-elected?
There is no limit


99. What are the 2 major political parties in the U.S. today?
Democratic and Republican

100. How many states are there in the United States today?
Fifty (50)


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